Responses to Genocide: Political and Humanitarian Strategies

Responses to Genocide Political and Humanitarian StrategiesPolitical expediency and valet de chambreitarian imperatives in response to genocideThis dissertation examines the humanitarian crisis in the Sudanese persona of Darfur during 2003-2004, a situation that has continued through to 2005. Re cent reports from the World Food Programme estimate that the violence carried out by the tacitly regime-supported militias a suck inst the non-Arab civilian world in the region has left 3.5 million people hungry, 2.5 million displaced by the violence and 400, 000 dead.The Darfur crisis has been a humanitarian disaster unseen since the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. It has been a situation that ultimately foreign governments and inter depicted object organisations make water been unable to ignore.Chapter two examines firstly the theoretical interrogations behind humanitarian discussion. The realist conjecture of global personal mattersis at the message of the debate realism suggests tha t states should puttheir own security and self interest before some(prenominal) clean obligation to intervene. Set in the context of Darfur, on that point was cipher deep down the individual national interest of masterminder(a) individual states to intervene, yet at or so point in the crisis the greenness assumption moved to struggleds afeeling that discussion on the basis of humanity was required. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 and the international response at the time isused as an example of realism dictating the initial response of theinternational community, only to be overtaken by a more moral based response once the sheer scale of the crisis and human rights abuses became app bent.Chapter three looks at events in Darfur in detail, from the beginnings of the crisis to the trustworthy situation. Using media sourcesas well as reports from organisation such as the UN and Human Rights Watch, this chapter summarises the main events of the crisis, with examples of the indis criminate violence used by the government-backed Janjaweed militias against the civilian population in Darfur. The response of the Sudanese government along with the steps it took to prevent humanitarian intervention ar describes, as are the doings, or in many cases, the inaction of sections of the international community. The actions of the Sudanese establishment would appear to be driven by the state centric realism that Webber and Smith term acentral driving force for human motivation, namely a quest for precedentChapter Four attempts to analyse events in Darfur against the theoretical frameworks detai direct in chapter two. Realist assumptions continue to carry a certain incubus in international governing, but there are examples of some more ethical policy making within the international community. The roles of the Sudanese administration, the UN, the US and other Western nations are looked at against theoretical positions.Chapter Five offers some conclusions on the inte rnationalresponse to Darfur.At the heart of any analysis of the international response to thecrisis in Darfur lies the question why should any iodin care about Darfur.Whilst theories supporting just wars and humanitarian intervention fromthe likes of Kaldor and Walzer argue that there is a basic humanmorality that requires states that are able to intervene to dampen thesuffering of oppressed people, a realist perspective, unmatched thatrepresented the initial international response to Darfur, is that thekey value of national interest is independence and security. It is aquestion that has been at the crux of international relations forcenturies intervention in the affairs of a nonher sovereign state isan issue that has generated much debate.State sovereignty has long been a fundamental pillar of international golf-club and non-intervention has ensured that individual states abidemaintain their governmental independence and territorial reserve integrity.International organisation s baffle broadly speaking supported this principlewith, for example, Resolution 2131 of the UN General Assembly in 1965statingNo state has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly in theinternal or external affairs of any other state. Consequently, armedintervention and all other course of instructions of interference or attempted threatsagainst the personality of the State or against its political,economic, or cultural elements are condemned. Regional organisationshave taken a similar military strength the Organisation of Ameri female genitalia Statestotally prohibits direct or indirect intervention in the affairs ofa nonher state. A wide range of political theory also supports the viewthat sovereignty is all-important and one state should non interfere inthe affairs of another.Nonetheless, international affairs since the establishment of thenation-state have seen intervention by states in the affairs of otherfor a cast of reasons. The earliest interventions were for e conomicand strategic reasons and to secure territorial security nineteenthcentury European interventions in Africa and Asia to establish coloniesserve as an example of this. In the early twentieth century the USbegan to utilise a different type of intervention, intervening in theaffairs of Central American states such as Nicaragua to encouragedomestic political order, reduce economic corruption and reinforce itsown model in the region. Such action drew the anxiety of realistcritics who have influence US foreign policy sentiment more recently.Realists have alleged that the adherence to moral principles and thefailure in the past to understand the power essence of interstaterelations has led to unwise and unsuccessful policies , for example tofailed humanitarian intervention in Somalia. Certainly, the memories ofSomalia bequeath have effected thinking on a political and humanitarianresponse to Darfur.The Cold fight saw intervention across the globe by the two superpowerseither t o enhance their own strategic security or to advanceideological goals, for example the USSR moving to strengthen communismin Czechoslovakia in 1968 or the US challenging anti-democratic forcesin Grenada in 1983.It is however, humanitarian intervention that is most relevant to thesituation in Darfur, an type of intervention that according to JackDonnelly is foreign intervention that seeks to remediation mass andflagrant violations of the basic rights of foreign nationals by theirgovernment The failure of states and subsequent abuses of humanrights in the latter stages of the twentieth century have presentedother governments with numerous scenarios where they have to makedecisions as to whether multitude intervention for humanitarian reasonsis justified. It is a complex issue that poses a number of legal andmoral issues.Amstutz argues that humanitarian intervention presents a legalchallenge to the accepted systems of state sovereignty along with amoral challenge to the right of self -determination. Whilst the demandfor order, justice, stability and human rights may override theseconcerns, politicians are also faced with the decision as to whether,how and when their country should instigate humanitarian intervention.Such interventions can generally be justified if two criteria are metfirstly that humanitarian intervention be in the interests of theintervening state, i.e. that it perceives the human rights abuses inthe foreign state as a general threat to the order, legitimacy andmorality of global society, or as a particular threat to its owneconomic prosperity secondly that the intervention must be in theinterests of the civilian population of the intervened state and thatthe legal and moral issues around military intervention can bejustified by the overall good that is accomplished. NATO interventionin Bosnia can be seen as an example of a situation that met the formercriteria, the situationsin both Rwanda and Darfur would appear to meetthe latter.Michael Walz er who has written extensively on just war theory andintervention argues that humanitarian intervention should be seen asdifferent from instigating a military conflict. As well as the legalistargument against intervention in the affairs of another state, there isalso the difficulty of intervention in a country that has not committedaggression against another state there is a danger that interveningstates can be seen as portraying the message treat your people the waywe believe you should or be subject to the threat of armed punishment.Walzer nonetheless believes that even if intervention threatens theterritory and political independence of another state, there are timeswhen it can be justified. The onus of make of justification howeverlies with the bequeather of the state that intervenes and this can be aheavy burden, not only because of the coercions and ravages thatmilitary intervention brings, but also because it is thought that thecitizens of a sovereign state have a right, i nsofar as they are to becoerced and ravaged at all, to suffer only at one anothers hands.Arguments that states should, regardless of how they are governed,should be left to deal with own affairs and influenced by the thoughtsof John Stuart Mill who argued from a utilitarian viewpoint stronglyfor the right of a single political community to determine its ownaffairs whether or not its political arrangements are free is not anissue for other states members of any political society mustcultivate their own freedom in the way that individuals must cultivatetheir own virtue, self-help rather than intervention from an externalforce must be the way towards a just society. Such arguments do notstand up when applied to some of the systematic and well-documentedhuman rights abuses of the twentieth century foreign governments makedecisions based on a realist perspective not to intervene, butnon-intervention based on the idea of self-determination is to avoidthe issue and hide out behind outd ated ideas. There is a point at whichrealism has to be put aside and some form of moral stance must betaken. For Walzer, there are three situations in which theinternational resistance to boundary crossings can be ignored1.when a particular model of boundaries clearly contains two or morepolitical communities, one of which is already engaged in a large-scalemilitary struggle for independence that is, when what is at issue issecession or national liberation2.when the boundaries have already been crossed by the armies of aforeign power, even if the crossing has been called for by one of theparties in a civil war, that is, when what is at issue iscounter-intervention and3.when the violation of human rights within a set of boundaries is soterrible that it makes colloquy of community or self-determination orarduous struggle seem cynical or irrelevant, that is, in cases onenslavement or massacreHis criteria present a true-to-life(prenominal) scope for intervention. For all theideas of ethical foreign policies there has to be some realism ininternational relations in that states cannot simply intervene in everydispute mingled with neighbours or outbreaks of political unrest in otherstates. Walzers criteria, particular his third, limit interventionwhen serious abuses of human rights appear to be taking place. At thispoint, political expediency and national self-interest should be putaside.Ultimately, Walzers thinking lead him towards an ethical theory ofpeace on the basis of sovereignty and other widely accepted statesrights. His values form the basis of a legalist paradigm, which providethe moral and legal structure for maintaining international peace. Hislegal paradigm also outlines the criteria for use of force tointervene. Its six key principles are1.An international society of independent states exists 2.The states comprising the international society have rights,including the rights of territorial integrity and political sovereignty 3.The use of force or thr eat of force by one state against another constitutes aggression and is a criminal act 4.Aggression justifies two types of action a war of self-defence bythe victim and a war of law enforcement by the victim and any othermembers of the international society 5.Nothing but aggression justifies war 6.After the aggressor state has been militarily repulsed, it can be punished. Irrespective of the situation in a particular state and the legal ormoral issues around any form of intervention, the realist view ofinternational affairs can lead statesmen to decide againstintervention. Realists from Thucydides, Hobbes and Machiavelli throughto the likes of Kissinger and Waltz remain strictly sceptical aboutmoral beliefs within international relations and assume that statesgoing to war or engaging in any form of intervention are more motivatedby power and their own national security than any moral issues. Thephrase alls fair in love and war is often applied to the realistperspective with Walzer writing referring specifically to war,realists believe that it is an intractable part of an anarchical worldsystem, that it ought to be resorted to only if it makes sense in termsof national self-interest in effect there are no moralconsideration in regard to military intervention, the human rightsabuses occurring in another state are of little importance to realists,intervention will only be considered if it is considered to beeconomically or strategically of value to the intervening state or itsleaders. This value can be political on occasions. There is littledoubt of the power of modern media to put pressure on politicians. TheUS intervention in Somalia and NATO action in Bosnia were to someextent related to public pressure on politicians to do something aboutscenes being air out into the homes of the electorate.Thinking on humanitarian intervention has had to adapt more recently tothe late type of wars that have proliferated across the globe since theend of the Cold War, for example the conflicts in the former Yugoslaviadriven by ancient ethnic hatreds. Certainly with the demise of thestand off amongst two military superpowers there has been greater scopefor the UN and individual states to become tangled in conflictresolution and throughout the 1990s the UN has found itself constantly involved in providing humanitarian aid, establishing safe havens,disarmament and demobilisation operations, monitoring and maintainingceasefires.New wars have involved a blurring of the distinction between war(usually defined as violence between states or organised politicalgroups), organised crime (violence undertaken by privately organisedgroups for private purposes, usually financial gain) and large-scaleviolations of human rights (violence undertaken by states orpolitically organised groups against individual). Some of the ethnichatred that has fuelled new wars has in particular led to terriblehuman rights abuses events that put moral pressure on others states tocons ider intervention. Mary Kaldor suggests that there are two types ofresponse to new wars one is to draw on the old war idea of the nationstate and look for solutions along the lines of intervention and peacekeeping whilst the other response is a more nix and fatalisticoutlook because the wars cannot be understood in traditional terms,they are thought to represent a reversion to primitivism or anarchy andthe most that can be put one acrosse therefore is to ameliorate the symptoms. Inother words, wars are treated as natural disasters.Kaldors view rightly challenge the realist assumption that statesshould not involve themselves in humanitarian intervention unless thereis some advantage to be gained in a self-interested pursuit of power.What is required is a more political response to new wars and theattacks on human rights that accompany them. The internationalcommunity should be looking towards politics of inclusion that capturethe hearts and minds of protagonists and any such polit icalmobilisation should override traditional geopolitics or short termdomestic concerns. This type of thinking moves closer to a type of modern-realism which places more of an emphasis on the structural featuresof the international system and avoids the stress on the often anarchicstriving for power that reflects traditional realism. The drawback tothe neo realist approach is that its reliance on the determining impactof the structure of the international system allow policy makersrelatively little discretion. This can be seen to some extent in Darfuras representative from various states struggled to find a solution tothe crisis that met with consensus.There have of course been embarrassments for individual states andinternational organisations with attempts at humanitarian interventionin the 1990s, setbacks that will give weight to realist theory thatsovereign states should on the whole be left well alone. Kaldorconcludes that humanitarian intervention has had mixed successat best, people have been fed and fragile ceasefires have beenagreed.at worst the UN has been shamed and humiliated, as, forexample, when it failed to prevent genocide in Rwanda, when theso-called safe haven of Srebrenica was overrun by Bosnian Serbs, orwhen the hunt for the Somali warlord Aideed ended in a mixture of farceand tragedy.Nonetheless, the arguments for humanitarian intervention remain strong.Darfur is as good an example as any for this. As Orend writes whyshould foreign states, which themselves respect human rights, be barredin principle from intervening in such illegitimate regimes?Rwanda in particular serves as an example of both foreign states andinternational organisations initially taking a realist stance only toeventually to be spurred into action by the sheer scale of the genocidetaking place. In Frances case, the links between the powerful elitesin the two countries had long been established not only had Francelong supported the Hutu regime but Francois Mitterand and R wandanPresident Habyarimana were personal friends, whilst their sons, JeanChristopher and Jean-Pierre were also friends and business associates.The two countries had mutual economic interests and there is consequencethat Jean Christopher was one of Frances biggest weapons dealers to Rwanda.The French response to the developing crisis, when it came, was farfrom glorious. Rather than intervene to provide further killings itdecided to pull out its troops. In the previous week, the first of thegenocide they had evacuated as many as 1361 people including 450 Frenchnationals and 178 Rwandan officials and their families. No otherRwandan nationals were evacuated, not even Tutsi personnel from theFrench embassy or well-known opponents of the regime who had alreadybeen targeted by the militia.The role of the United Nations mission (UNAMIR) has receivedconsiderable censure in analyses of the genocide. The UN had its owninternal politics to contend with and its policies on Rwanda were in ove rrule determined to some extent by realist self-interest. As anorganisation it was mostly reliant on the support of its most powerfulmembers on the Security Council. These nations, heedful of thedisastrous US intervention in Somalia were wary of investing troops andfinances into another African conflict. Realism came to the forefrontof the early decision making process. Human Rights Watch, in additionto criticism of the UN for not taking heed of Dallaires warnings, isalso critical of the scale of the mandate itself. It describes thedetails of the mandate as followsNot only was the UN slow, it was also stingy. The United States, whichwas assessed 31 per cent of UN peacekeeping costs, had suffered fromthe enormous 370 per cent increase in peacekeeping expenses from 1992to 1993 and was in the process of reviewing its policy on such operations.Quite simply the UN was not equipt to keep the peace in Rwanda.Members on its influential Security Council did not have the politicalwill to ge t involved, nor were they willing to take on the financialburden. The US and the UK, although less involved in Rwanda thanFrance, were similarly guilty of happily ignoring warnings of possiblegenocide and working towards the maintenance of the status quo. Bothhad sold arms to the Hutu regime and had trading links with Rwanda.Both also had little appetency to see their own troops caught up as partof an UN force in Rwanda. The theory of non-intervention, as opposed torealism is another view that opposes humanitarian intervention. The keyassumptions and values for this concept are the existing anarchic international system is morally legitimate peoples have a right to political self-determination states have a judicial right to sovereignty and territorial integrity states have an obligation to resolve conflicts peacefully force is a illegitimate instrument for altering the existing territorial boundariesNon intervention theory argues in favour of an internationallegitimacy of states in which existing states are entitled to autonomyand domestic legitimacy which assumes that states are entitled torespect and support when they fulfil their lens nucleus obligations as states.In terms of domestic legitimacy, in the light of the point that thereare wide disparities in conceptions of human rights, this canessentially be interpreted that whether a state is entitled tonon-intervention depends largely on its subjects approval of theregime itself.The counter-arguments of realism and moral intervention continue toplay a major role in international politics and are likely to continueto do so. It is a sad fact that the list of oppressive governments andmassacred populations is lengthy. Walzer points out that for every Naziholocaust or Rwanda there will be a number of smaller examples ofinjustice and abuse so many that the international community cannothope to deal with. On a small scale at least, Walzers suggestion thatstates dont send their soldiers into other states, it seems, only tosave lives. The lives of foreigners dont weigh that heavily in thescales of domestic decision-making rings true humanitarianintervention in smaller-scale situations is simply not realistic. Agreater test for the moral resolve of NGOs and wealthier nations istheir response in the face of large-scale humanitarian disasters andhuman rights abuses, again using Walzers words, when dealing with actsthat shock the moral scruples of mankind.Ethical questions around the issues of international moral obligationstowards nations suffering from oppressive regimes and human rightsabuses are not easily resolved. Whilst humanitarian aid or interventionis generally seen as a morally correct route of action, politicalexpediency quite often takes precedence. Whilst it is generallyaccepted that, as Grotius believed, war ought not to be undertakenexcept for the enforcement of right and when once undertaken it shouldbe carried on within the bounds of law and good faith, national selfinte rest does not always allow for a strategy led by such moralincentives. In Darfur, the action of the capital of Sudan Government couldcertainly not be described as driven by moral incentives whilstelsewhere early responses to the crisis were driven by politicalexpediency Major states have to ask themselves which moral valuesshould influence their foreign policies and which international valueis more important sovereignty or human rights? The answer should behuman rights, yet there is a fine line between using these values froma moral perspective or manipulating them into a realist opportunity toindulge the national interest with intervention elsewhere. There areother difficult questions do human rights violations prune foreignintervention and at what scale? Does international political moralityrequire the removal of illegal military regimes and the restoration ofdemocracy? There are countless regimes around the world to which theworld might turn its attention and ask itself these questions. For themost part, small conflicts and small-scale abuse of human rights are,rightly or wrongly, ignored. The situation in Darfur from 2003 onwardshowever gave the international community a scenario that it could notignore. The world had to make decisions upon hundreds of thousands oflives would rest. Chapter ternary The crisis in DarfurThe current situation in Darfur can be traced back to February 2003when fighters from the Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM) and theJustice and Equality Movement (JEM) launched joints attacks againstgovernment garrisons in protest at what they saw as decades ofpolitical oppression and economic neglect by the Sudanese government.The attacks came at the same time that there had been high hopes of apeace settlement to the war in southern Sudan that had been ongoingbetween the government and the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement/Army(SPLM/A) since independence in 1965.The governments response was unequivocal. Citing the climbs as anaggressiv e force against the state it set out to crush the rebellion byforce and utilised the powerful force of Arab Janjaweed militias toattack not particularly rebel soldiers but the civilian populationsfrom where the rebels would have originated. The government expectedto crush the revolt, partly as it had done so in 1991 when a SPLA unitinfiltrated Darfur, and partly as it expected a lack on internationalinterest as Darfur was an internal Northern Sudanese issue with noChristian population and no oil interests involved. Khartoum ledmilitary activity in late 2003 to early 2004 was brutal (acounter-insurgency of extraordinary ferocity) and carried out whilstthe government prevented any humanitarian aid reaching the civilianpopulation. It was an action led by political expediency withabsolutely no regard for the human rights of an innocent civilianpopulation. Hugo Slim describes the military action as completelydisproportionate to the targeted guerrilla warfare of the two Darfurinsurgent g roups and states that systematic and widespread governmentand Janjaweed assaults on civilians, their villages, theirinfrastructure and their livelihoods along with forced displacement andland-grabbing, intended to make it impossible for the terrorised andevicted populations to return. As this went on, the Government alsoenforced what was almost a complete ban on humanitarian aid accessingthe country between October 2003 and February 2004.Early talks on the crisis saw the Khartoum Government deliberatelystonewall on major issues. It objected to upgrading the small AUobserver force from 300 to 3500,with an increase in its mandate toinclude protecting civilians, and was then forced to accept thismeasure by the UN Security Council. It was a realist approach lookingsolely after its own interests and using delay in an internationalresponse to move along with its aim to displace the population ofDrafur.Government and Janjaweed CooperationThere is little realdoubt that the government has w orked closely with the Janjaweedmilitias. Human Rights Watch (HRW) investigations concluded thatgovernment forces and militia troops have taken part in massacres andsummary executions of civilians, burnings of towns and villages andforcible depopulation of areas across Darfur. We are the governmenthas been a common response of Janjaweed at checkpoints and whenentering villages and HRW reports that the government and itsJanjaweed allies have killed thousands of Fur, Masalit and Zaghawa often in cold blood, raped women and destroyed villages, food stocksand other supplies essential to the civilian population..In the early stages of the conflict, the Sudanese government barelyattempted to conceal its close working with the Janjaweed. Mans writesthat the Janjaweed militias are said to be of largely Chadian originand finance themselves through plunder and pillage, reportedly enjoyingimplicit support from the Government in Khartoum. But this isunderstating the relationship between the two . In April 2004, theSudanese Foreign Minister, Mustafa Osman Ismail, admitted a commoncause with the Janjaweed stating the government may have turned ablind eye to the militiasThis is true. Because these militia aretargeting the rebellion. President Bashir also had spoken on 31December 2003 of the governments determination to defeat the SLArebellions and warned darkly that the horsemen would be one of theweapons it would use.There is other clear evidence of well established links between thegovernment and Janjaweed leaders. Many of the militia leaders areestablished emirs or omdas from Arab tribes who have previously workedin government. For example, Abdullah abu Shineibat, an emir of the BeniHalba tribe is a Janjaweed leader in the Habila-Murnei area, whilstOmar Saef, an omda of the Awlad Zeid tribe is leader of the Janjaweedfrom Geineina to Misterei. Other evidence pointed to a similarconclusion of complicity between government and militia Janjaweedbrigades were organised along ar my lines with forces wearing similaruniforms and officers using the same mark militia forces used thesame land cruisers and satellite phones as army personnel and there isevidence that Janjaweed members were given assurances that they wouldnot face local prosecution for crimes, with police forces beinginstructed to leave them alone. Again, the dominate issue here ispolitical expediency overcoming any possible humanitarian response.Both the Government and Janjaweed had interests in devastating Darfur there was political gain for the Government and financial gain for theJanjaweed. Both took the realist option of looking after themselves.Government and Militia forces attack civiliansOne of the most guiding light traits of the crisis in Darfur has been the fact that bothgovernment and militia forces have largely ignored rebel forces,preferring to use their weapons against the civilian population inareas that rebels may have originated from. HRW investigationsuncovered 14 incidents in Dar Masalit alone between September 2003 andFebruary 2004 in which 770 civilians were killed. It also gatheredwitness testimony to mass executions in the Fur areas of Wadi Salihprovince over the same period.Aerial bombardment of civilians has also been commonplace. The SudaneseGovernment has made extensive use of attack aircraft, dropping bombsloaded with metal shards to cause maximum reproach and also utilisinghelicopter gun ships and MiG jet fighters. Bombing has also beendeliberately targeted at villages and towns where displaced citizenshave gathered for example on August 27 2003, aircraft carried out anattack on the town of Habila which was packed with displaced civiliansfrom surrounding areas. 24 were killed.Government and Janjaweed forces have also systematically attacked anddestroyed villages, food stocks, water sources and other essentialitems essential for the survival of villages in West Darfur. Refugeesin Chad have confirm a sweep south east of Geneeina in February 20 04saw the destruction of a number of villages including Nouri, Chakoke,Urbe, Jabun and Jedida.The International ResponseThe international response to the situation in Darfur has been mixed,characterised by a willingness to condemn the Sudanese Governmentalongside a dragging of heels in actually intervening to stop what theUS Government has labelled genocide. Alex De Waal suggests thatpolitical repercussions for the Sudanese Government were gravewriting International attention and condemnation exceeded allexpectations, culminating in Darfur being brought before the UnitedNations Security Council in July 2004 This analysis however fails tomention the scale of the crisis in the preceding months and suggests amore positive and effective response by the international communitythan was actually the case.. The international community may eventuallyhave come around to taking Darfur seriously but much later than wasrequired. As Hugo Slim concludes the international community has notdenied, but it has delayed and dithered. Once engaged it fumbled andtook far too long to achieve a united and sufficiently assertiveresponse.There was a notable reluctance from the UN in particular to use theword genocide in relation to Darfur, a similar pattern to that had beenfollowed in Rwanda a decade earlier. It was in fact US Secretary ofState Powell that announced on September 9th 2004 that the USgo

Candide by Voltaire Analysis

Candide by Voltaire AnalysisAccording, to Candide by Voltaire, he describes the transformation of the jock Candide, throughout the story. Voltaire utilized satire, characterization, and techniques of exaggeration and contrast to represent Candides point of view in intent. Basically the takeoff rocket endures the human suffering to get his final destiny. merely Voltaire demonstrates the character development over the course starting with an innocent personality as a child who does not have responsibility to know into a great man. In the text the language shows Candides progress towards maturity. In the beginning of the novel the reader finds compact, colorful and crisp sentences as Candide, the hero rushes through life. afterwards Voltaire adopts a calm and reflective style analogous to Candides mental development. Also, the author disproves the overly optimistic school of thought that Candide and Pangloss represent. While the experiences of Candide and Pangloss conflict dramati cally with this philosophy, both occupy to maintain their beliefs in this regard.Candide to get his change goes through many adventures and gradually matures into an experienced and practical man. Some of his adventures were sad and some not. He was expulsed from the palace for his retire to Cunegonde, but it help him to faces the cruelty of life with the philosophical view that all things in life are necessary for some greater considerably. Candide is a childly person who has not had much real life experience. He is banished from his home and unexpectedly introduced to the reality of the outside world. Throughout his travels he develops a new philosophy of life. His eyes open to reality, He sees that everything does not happen for the best as the philosophers and metaphysician Pangloss had told him in the Barons castle. In Europe as well as in America, he encounters misery. He meets a number of people from various walks of life. He comes across many philosophers ranging from ex treme optimism of Pangloss to the pessimism of Martin. He experiences the love with Ms Cunegonde but it was not go for for their different social classes.One of some changes of Candide was his philosophy really optimistic mind everything is for the best.It was a phrase of his teacher Pangloss He taught that everything was for the best and Candide, having never perceive any other philosophies, agrees blindly. While at sea, Candide sees a man who saved his life by nursing him back to health thrown overboard. Candide is ready to take shape into the raging waters after his benefactor, but Pangloss stops him. He demonstrates that the Bay of Lisbon had been made for the Anabaptist to be drowned,(p.386) . This begins to clash with Candides ideologies if this is the best of all worlds, how was this man who was so kind and generous thrown to his death and Candide not to save him? Candide begins to doubt in this philosophy.Candide eventually learns how to achieve happiness in the face of m isadventure. He learns that in order to attain a state of contentment, maven must be part of society where there is collective effort and extend. Candide spends a great oversee of time traveling the world and learning of many different idealogies in metaphysics. Finally, he decides to settle down and live by farming his own garden-this symbolizes his waive to simple self-preservation. After a long and difficult struggle in which Candide is forced to overcome misfortune to find happiness, he concludes that everything is not as good as it seems the way Dr. Pangloss, his tutor had taught him.During his adventures he realize that things not ever happen for the best, he understand that it just happen in his innocent mind. However, Candide always keep in his heart goodness amd love. Also, he knows that at the end, he is going to find the best for his life.We are destined , in the end , for other universe, no doubt that is the one where everything is well.(p.391).Also, Candide begins to experience human suffering in many different ways as love, loneliness and disasters. He understands that no discipline who are you, always going to experiment the both sides happiness and sadness because is part of human life, Its true, and you see how people make mistakes who have not real a measure of education(p.402).Make mistakes is of humans and those mistakes make the experience, that later help us to take decisions.Furthermore, others important characters that contribute for Candides change are The Old Woman and Martin. both(prenominal) of them help Candide to get more knowledge in outside world and contrast the Pangloss philosophy. The old woman, she was a suffered woman that had to survive of many obstacles. My last aim was as servant to the Jew don Issachar he attached me to your service, my lovely one and I attached myself to your destiny, till I have become more pertain with your fate than with my own.(p.396).In the other hand Martin is a very pessimist man who had been experienced bad situations he was really offended with life. It was another event that makes Candide changes his philosophy.In his astonish journey he finds that every event in the world has a reason, and whether there are positive or negative moments you have to live them. in that location is no effect without a cause, all events are linked by the chain of necessity and arranged for the best. I had to be driven away from drip Cunegonde, I had to run the gauntlet, I have to beg my bread until I can earn it none of this could have happened otherwise(P.381). However, by the end of the story the protagonist realized that to achieve happiness a lot of work, compromises, and sacrifices are necessary. Though life does not become any easier, at this point Candide begins to grow from a naive young person into a grown realist. Candide realizes he must take responsibility for his life. He must accept situations and try to change obstacles that whitethorn be hindrances. Candide lea rns that labor will eliminate the three curses of mankind want, boredom, and vice. Candide realizes he must build his own life, however simple it may be.Voltaire says through Candides ultimate discovery that happiness in many ways depends on a persons attitude. When meeting a man that is happy with a simple garden to ladder and a family to love, Candide realizes life does not have to be full of wealth in order to be happy. At the end he realizes that everything in life is not evil, especially when a person strives to make changes and not simply accept what comes their way.Voltaires philosophy expressed through Candides final realization is that We must subdue our garden,(p.4380, which is the key to happiness. By cultivating our garden, Voltaire means that we must make the best of our situation in the present moment. We accept what we are given in life and work to make the best of it. It all has to do with our perspective on life. Candide finally realizes that he must try to make h is own happiness even speckle battling hardships. Candides happiness is finally realized when he too becomes a man of simple means with a garden to tend and a loved one at his side.

E-business strategy

E-business strategy1. Management Summary2. IntroductionTesco is Britains largest food retailer, employing all over 240,000 people worldwide and has net yearly profits of over 1 billion. Its website is one of the most popular in the UK, with over one million registered users. free-encyclopedia-onlineTesco started in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. The Tesco score first appeared five years later in 1924 he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr T. E Stockwell. The initials and letters were combined to form Tes-co and in 1929 Mr Cohen undecided the flagship Tesco computer storage in Burnt Oak, North London.The brand sustained its rise in the 1930s when Mr Cohen established a headquarters and warehouse in North London and in 1932 Tesco became a private exceptional company. In the 1950s the retailer bought 70 Williams stores and 200 Harrow stores, followed by 97 Charles Philips stores and the Victor Value chain in the early 1 960s.In 1968 Tesco opened its first superstore in Crawley, West Sussex.Supermarkets revolutionised the way people shopped and by the 1970s Tesco was building a national store network to cover the whole of the UK, which it continues to refine to this day, while as well diversifying into other products. In 1974 Tesco opened its first petrol stations, and would become the UKs largest independent petrol retailer. By 1979 total sales topped 1bn, and by 1982 sales had doubled to to a greater extent than 2bn. In 1987 Tesco effectively completed a hostile takeover of supermarket opponent Hillards for 220m. In the 1990s Tesco continued to tighten its entrap on the UK with more store openings and an aggressive marketing campaign in an attempt to surpass Sainsburys as the UKs leading grocer. In 1992, the company launched is slogan any little helps, followed by the Tesco Value weave in 1993. This was followed by the launch of the Tesco Clubcard scheme in 1995, helping Tesco to overtake riv al Sainsburys as the UKs largest food retailer. 1996 precept the retailer introduce its first 24-hour store while it also expanded overseas opening shops in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. Tesco.com was launched in 2000 and the supermarket continued to expand its range of products, which outright includes clothes, electrical and in-person finance products. In 2004 Tesco entered the broadband market. In 2006, the retailer announced ambitious plans to open stores in the US under the boot Fresh and Easy and funded by existing resources. Tesco now turn tails in 13 countries. Group sales were 51.8bn in the year to February 23 2008. In 2008 the retail hulk took its conquest of the UK one step further by buying up some competitor Somerfield stores on distant islands in Scotland, giving Tesco a foundation in every single postcode area in the country. More than 50p in every pound spent on food by the citys 66,000 residents is through so at a Tesco check by and similar domina nce in other towns has sparked controversy.Because of their size, supermarkets have been accused by some of abusing their position by forcing small local shops out of business. Clark, T, (2008) Below figure 2.1 shows a graph of Tescos profit over a five year period from 2003 to 2008. Figure 2.2Graph showing the feeler of Tescos product range Grocery home shopping service, toys electronics, sports equipment, cookware home finishing Financial serve (Visa card, saving accounts, banks, insurance) Gas filling station gasoline retailer Clothing, household Food 1919 1960 1990 199 1997 2000 Year3. Situation AnalysisIn crafting a strategy it is important for a company to analyse the milieu.All organisations operate within an environment that influences the way in which business is conducted. Situation analysis involves the review of the internal resources and processes of the company to assess its e-business capabilities and results to date in the context of a review of its activity in the market place. It also involves the review of the immediate competitive environment or micro-environment and the review of the wider environment or macro-environment in which a company operates. The micro-environment includes node demand and behaviour, competitor activity, marketplace structure and relationships with suppliers, partners and intermediaries. The macro-environment includes economic development and regulation by governments in the form of law and taxes together with kind and ethical constraints such as the demand for privacy. Chaffey (2009)3.1. Present Position AnalysisIn this section the factors that impact Tescos strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats impart be looked at. Figure 3.1 presents the factors that impact the bone analysis of Tesco. StrengthsAdvertising and marketing Strong customer baseProduct range function offeredInternational entranceLocationSale increase blade nameExternal economies of scaleProduct qualityCost reductionWeaknessesT ransport costDependence on the UK grocery marketMarket dominated by another companyOpportunitiesOnline market GrowthProduct expansionThreatsTax increaseInnovation of other companies Customer preferenceInternet gageTescos success in the market stands firm referable to their product range which allows customers to choose products from different market segments. With this strategy Tesco establishment a strong customer base. They also kept and grew their customer base by introducing new work within the organisation and by way of their advertising both in store and online. They introduced a clubcard that encouraged and continues to encourage customers to shop online with rewards. To keep their customer base strong they use different advertising and marketing methods such as move customers mails using effective mediums which include both direct mail and electronic mail. Advertising is can be done in store and is even more effective using the online medium such as advertising on Googl e or sites that are used regularly by general web browsers. Services such as insurance, visa cards, saving accounts, music downloads and gas filling stations where some of the services introduced by Tesco. The products and services offered by Tesco meets or at times exceed the expectations of customers. The brand name Tesco uses allows customers to identify them and the products and services they provide even though other companies provide similar products and services. Tescos strategy of branching out into different locations was a major move which allowed them to target all groups of customer wants and needs with the products and services they offered. They also branch out into international markets and expand their products and services into different cultures. Tescos move to the online arena allowed them to target all groups all at once and allow their customers to purchase items that are in or out of flavor and are not available in store. They also grant them five dollar disco unts to encourage them to shop on the online market. Tescos have an advantage over their competitors and due to this fact the prices they offer for the same products are much lower allowing more customers to come into Tesco instead of the competitors.Dependence on the UK market is considered a weakness because of their colony on UK suppliers for their products. Tesco can turn their dependence on the UK market into strength by outsourcing products with equal or superior quality than the products they currently offer. Tesco dominates the market but in certain cities, Tescos competitors have monopolised the cities. In order for this monopoly by their competitors to be destroyed Tesco needs to open more branches within the cities and boost up their services to gain a wide range of customers in those cities.3.2. Industry AnalysisPorters Five Forces for Tesco.com4. E-Business StrategyStrategy development should be strongly influenced by considering the environment the business operates in. The most significant influences are those of the immediate marketplace of the micro-environment that is shaped by the needs of customers and how services provided to them through competitors and intermediaries and via upstream suppliers. Technological innovations are critical in providing opportunities to provide superior services to competitors or through changing the shape of the marketplace. Chaffey (2009)4.1.E-Business strategy 4.2. Implementation5. Legal and ethical issues Privacy of consumers is a primordial ethical issue since many laws have been enacted. selective information protection legislation is enacted to protect the individual, to protect their privacy and to prevent misuse of their personal information. This affects all types of organizations disregarding of whether they have a transactional e-commerce service. Chaffey (2009)When gathering information Tesco.com needs to take in mind what the Data Protection Act states concerning personal selective informatio n and the use of that info. In schedule 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998, it states eight principles by which entropy must be protected. These eight principles are Personal data shall be processed fairly and lawfully and, in particular, shall not be processed unless at least one of the conditions in Schedule 2 is met, and in the vitrine of sensitive personal data, at least one of the conditions in Schedule 3 is also met. Personal data shall be obtained only for one or more specified and lawful purposes, and shall not be further processed in any manner incompatible with that purpose or those purposes. Personal data shall be adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purpose or purposes for which they are processed. Personal data shall be accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date. Personal data processed for any purpose or purposes shall not be kept for longer than is necessary for that purpose or those purposes. Personal data shall be processed in accorda nce with the rights of data subjects under this Act. Appropriate technical and organisational measures shall be taken against unauthorised or unlawful bear upon of personal data and against accidental loss or destruction of, or damage to, personal data. Personal data shall not be transferred to a country or territory outside the European Economic Area unless that country or territory ensures an adequate level of protection for the rights and freedoms of data subjects in relation to the processing of personal data. opsi 2008According to the principles of the Data Protection Act 1998 above Tesco must ensure that When Tesco.com collects information from a data subject, the data subject must be aware that their information is being captured and because they agree to it. This information is obtained when a customer registers an account with Tesco.com. This information will be used by Tesco.com to create a profile for the individual. Tesco.com must let the data subject know why they ar e collecting this information and how it will be used both now and in the future. They need to let the data subject know if they data will be sent to third parties or not and how long they will keep this information stored. The data requested by Tesco.com must be relevant according to their needs. It must also be information that a customer will feel comfortable disclosing. Tesco.com must ensure that the data being collected and processed from a data subject is accurate and up-to-date. When a customer requests the closure of their account Tesco.com should delete all data concerning that customer or they will be in violation of the fifth principle in the Data Protection Act 1998. Tesco.com should supply information to the data subject without hesitation once they request it. In gathering information Tesco.com must ensure that the data stored is safe and secure. In distributing data Tesco.com must ensure that the data subject agrees to it or the country to which the information is b eing transferred to must have proper data protection or else there will be a breach of the Data Protection Act 1998 principle 8.According to the Privacy and Electronic communications Regulations Act, Tesco.com must see to it that the e-mail sent to customers where based on the customers opt-in or consent to receive e-mails and should also have the option for them to opt-out or un-subscribe to getting e-mails. Tesco.com should also supply the customer with some contact information so that they can contact if they feel the e-mails being sent is spam. 6. Conclusion

Was British Industry Inefficient? :: essays research papers

By the 1870s, Britains economy was enviable by the rest of the cosmos as they set the pace in industrialising. However, her pre-eminence (GPD per capita exceeded that of America by one-third) wavered in this period preceding World War I. To determine whether this change was due to inefficiencies in British industry requires recognition of the contrasts between Britain and America. Although Americas economy improved vis--vis Britains, this was out of Britains control due to exogenous variables. Neoclassical economic suppuration theory states that technology is a precursor to higher living standards and productivity gains. Britain and America were rattling different economies and as a result faced very different economic prospects in the late 1800s. For instance, the population in Britain grew by nearly devil-fold between 1860 and 1910 whilst the America trebled. Britains domestic market was not however smaller, but consumer demands were much less homogenous than in America due pr imarily to cultural ties and wage inequality. Many sole proprietorships and partnerships developed in chemical reaction to these tastes through niche markets, producing highly specialised goods. America had a national, homogenous market in which large corporations profited from economies of scale and mass production. Factor differences between the two nations resulted in Britain benefiting from her highly skilled labour, two-thirds of which were employed with companies of less than 250 people. America, with its abundance of land and raw materials, focused on using capital intensities in production sooner than relying on the relatively more expensive skilled labour. One similarity of both nations was the decline of employment in agriculture by the late nineteenth century, which freed up labour to be utilised in other industries. Growth opportunities in British industry were hampered in several ways. The tendency around the 1870s was for Britain to support small, specialised compan ies to compete primarily in staple industries such as cotton, coal, iron and steal, and shipbuilding. The high level of specialised products prevented technological transfers from overseas in growth markets and these companies did not benefit from economies of scale. British entrepreneurs were less likely than their American counterparts to discover innovative techniques, such as the assembly line used successful in car manufacturing by Henry Ford in the early 1900s. This lack of adaptability was not a blemish on British industry because it was not applicable to consumer demands at home. Also, the implementation of a free trade policy in Britain, despite its merits, made it exceedingly difficult for British industries to compete in the world market when nations such as America and Germany pursued protectionism to shield infant industries from international competition via tariffs.

Adolescence in The Master of Disaster by Guy Vanderhagae Essay

Adolescence marks the turning point of an individuals life, establishing the foundation of their development. It is during this phase that individuals leave privy the comfort of childhood and enter a reality beset with new perceptions of life. There are many stages of life, each enclosing its own distinct characteristics. As evident in the short story, The Master of Disaster, written by Guy Vanderhaeghe, adolescence involves growth as an individual, both physically and emotionally. Although each phase has its own challenges and unenviableies, adolescence proves to be the most difficult stage of life to overcome. Through examination of the situations in the story, it becomes apparent that adolescence involves experiencing emotional conflicts between friends, searching for ones identity amid a period of permute and overcoming the negative influence of compeer pressure.Adolescence is a stage of life, overwhelmed by emotional conflictsbetween friends. It is a period of time where emo tional instincts areweighed more than honest judgement, when making decisions that willalter the outcome of the future. As evident in the story, there existsa strong emotional bond between Bernie and Kurt, Whatever I withheldfrom Hiller, whatever would have been unspeakable in the company ofthe others was confided to Kurt Meinecke. (Vanderhaeghe, 59) Itis apparent that trust is the foundation of their friendship. Trust isthe firm belief in the reliability, truth and strength of anindividual. However, Bernie decides to betray this trust, in choosingnot to advise him of the intentions of Norman Hiller, Norman was theflashy type, the guy who collected followers, collected them the wayhe did baseball cards and Superman gay boo... ...ents experience a time ofmixed emotions between friends. They tend to make decisions, not withtheir head, but instead with their heart. Furthermore, adolescence isthe turning point, through which individuals shape their identity.However, this proves to be difficult during a period of change,mentally and physically. Finally, within this transition, young peoplehave the tendency to find reassurance in their peers. Nevertheless,this can often lead to negative peer pressure. The need for acceptanceexists, so they are inclined to be vulnerable to influence. In a fastpaced society, where constant change is inevitable, the transitionfrom child to big(a) proves to be the most difficult. It is at thispoint in life, that adolescents shape the outcome of the future.Work CitedVanderhaeghe, Guy.Things as They Are?Toronto McClelland and Stewart, 1992.

The Central Question of Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

The Central Question of village small towns tragedy is a tragedy of failure-the failure of a man placed in critical circumstances to deal successfully with those circumstances. In some ways, Hamlet reminds us of Brutus in Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Hamlet and Brutus are both good manpower who wear in trying times both are intellectual, even philosophical both men want to do the right thing both men intellectualize over what the right thing is neither man yields to passion. But here the comparison ends, for though both Brutus and Hamlet reflect at length over the need to act, Brutus is able immediately to act while Hamlet is not. Hamlet is stuck thinking too precisely on th event-. Hamlets father, the king of Denmark, has died suddenly. The dead kings brother,Claudius, marries Hamlets mother and fleetly assumes the throne, a throne that Hamlet fully expected would be his upon the death of his father. Hamlets fathers ghost confronts Hamlet and tells him that his death was not natural, as reported, but instead was murder. Hamlet swears revenge. But rather than swoop instantly to that revenge, Hamlet pretends to be insane in order to mask an investigation of the accusation brought by his fathers ghost. Why Hamlet puts on this antic disposition and delays in killing Claudius is the central question of the play. But Hamlet did not swear to his dead father that he, detective-like, would investigate. Hamlet swore revenge. And he has more than enough motivation to exact revenge. Does it not, think thee, stand me now upon-He that hath killed my king, and whored my motherPopped in between th election and my hopes,Thrown out his rake for my proper life,And with such cozenage-ist not perfect cons... ...play that is flawed, not our understanding of it. The central question of the play is, then, a question without an process if one is seeking the answer within the play. Shakespeare was supposed to supply us with an answer, or at least with a reason why there i s no answer. He offers us neither. Instead, this close celebrated of Shakespeares plays offers us a literary mystery which has captured the attention of all who have come into contact with it. Its time to file the question under open Mysteries. But for those who persist in analyzing the plot of the drama, or Hamlets psychology, or both in order to explain this particular enigma, I suggest that youre looking in the wrong place. Try history. Works Cited *A. C. Bradley, Shakespeares Tragic Period-Hamlet, Shakespearean Tragedy, MacMillan and Company Limited, 1904, pp. 70-101

Religious Syncretism and its Consequences in Mayan Society Essay

Religious Syncretism and its Consequences in Mayan SocietyWhen Spaniards first set foot on Mesoamerican shores in the early one-sixteenth century, they coppiceed not the godless mass of natives they believed they found, but a people whose rich spireligious rite traditions shaped and sustained them for thousands of years. These diverse phantasmal practices legitimized nearly every brass of Mesoamerican daily life, from science and architecture to art and politics (Carmack 295), in many of the same ways Catholicism did in Spain. The collision of these cultures in the massive Encounter and the resulting Spanish colonial state mixed not solely two different peoplesIndian and Spanishbut thousands of variants elites and slaves, peasant farmers and traders, priests and traders, organized and local spiritual customs, all with different degrees of diversity in their respective religious practices. This diversity set the stage for the syncretic religious traditions that emerged in Mayan society and continue a vital part of that culture today.Syncretic refers to the nature of ideas, deities, and practices that derive from historically distinct traditions that become reinterpreted and transformed in situations of a cultural encounter (Carmack 303). The cultural encounter between Mesoamericans and the Catholic Church was a natural result of mutual needs. The Indians needed protection from the cruelties inflicted by Spanish colonists, and the Church in many ways fought for their basic human rights the Church needed land and support for their missions, and the Indians provided provisions and labor in much the same fashion as they had been giving tribute to ruling elites for thousands of years (Fash). This arrangement gave missionaries access not only to the Indians bodiesin the form of sweat and laborbut also their hearts and souls.The introduction of Christianity to native Mesoamericans, however, expressed itself in ways unexpected to the Catholic missionaries. For e xample, the concept of Jesus Christboth in colonial Mesoamerica and today in thousands of Indian communitiesbecame one of the several manifestations of the sun god (Carmack 304). The Virgin of Guadalupe, today the patron saint of Mexico, was and is embraced by Indians who interpreted her and the myth surrounding her 1531 appearance to Juan Diego in traditional spiritual custom she is depicted as a d... ...storical documents such as Altar Q at Copn and the codexes.Other religious practices that resulted from the commix of ancient Mesoamerican and Catholic cultures in the diversity of colonial life include the construction of churches and cathedrals on or near ancient temple sites the ritual use of a fermented drink in spiritual practices (pulque and wine) public worship incense bundle cults and many other little traditions (Carmack 304).Myriad syncretic spiritual forms evolved during the era of colonial Mesoamerica, expressing both public devotional practices and private household rituals that many times were veiled from Church scrutiny (Carmack 308). These rituals, born in endemic culture and adapted to the drastically changed socio-economic and political landscape of colonial life, represent some of the few remaining links to the regions spiritual and historical past.BibliographyCarlsen, Robert. The War for the Heart & Soul of a Highland Maya Town. Austin University of Texas Press, 1997.Carmack, Robert, Janine Grasco, and Gary Gossen. The Legacy of Mesoamerica History and Culture of a Native American Civilization. New York Prentice Hall, 1996.